Table Of Content
- Amazon Linux - Frequently used commands (CLI)
- Crontab settings for backups (pushed to S3)
- How to add SSL to Amazon Linux 2 instance
- Steps in launching EC2 from AMI
- Upgrade to PHP7 – EC2 instance (from 5.6, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2)
- Connect to an RDS in one AWS account from an EC2 in another
- Codedeploy
- WordPress HTTPS Redirect
- Enabling ENA support on your AWS EC2
- Cross-site cookie error messages when running WordPress on EC2
- Issues with email throttling when using EC2
- WordPress Issue “Uncaught Exception: Invalid data store”. No access to Admin.
- Could not execute Node.js – Cloud9
- Launching WordPress in AWS Lightsail
- How to install SSL on Amazon Linux instance (legacy)
Here are some useful tips for DevOps teams using AWS CLI on a regular basis.
- Amazon Linux - Frequently used commands (CLI)
Restart Apache
sudo service httpd restart
Edit vhosts file
sudo nano /etc/httpd/conf.d/vhost.conf
edit httpd.conf file
sudo nano /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
edit PHP .ini file
sudo nano /etc/php.ini
copy all from one dir to another
sudo cp -R /var/www/html/* /var/www/vhosts/staging
to delete everything within a directory but not the directory itself (including inner sub-directories)
sudo rm -rf /var/www/html/*
the command leaves a .htaccess file behind if there is one there
sudo rm -rf /var/www/html/.htaccess
staging (if applicable)
sudo rm -rf /var/www/vhosts/staging/* sudo rm -rf /var/www/vhosts/staging/.htaccess
zip a directory and everything in it
sudo zip -r html.zip /var/www/html/*
aws configure IAM credentials
aws configure
AWS Access Key ID [None]: accesskey
AWS Secret Access Key [None]: secretkey
Default region name [None]: eu-west-1
Default output format [None]:
add/remove securiyt groups entries (example opens port 80 to all)
aws ec2 authorize-security-group-ingress --group-id sg-******** --protocol tcp --port 80 --cidr 0.0.0.0/0aws ec2 revoke-security-group-ingress --group-id sg-******** --protocol tcp --port 80 --cidr 0.0.0.0/0
mysqldb export/dump
mysqldump -hyour-host-name --port=3306 -uroot -pyour-password --databases example > /var/www/backup/daily/daily_`date +\%Y-\%m-\%d_\%H-\%M-\%S`.sql
mysqldb write export/dump
mysql -hyour-host-name --port=3306 -uroot -pyour-password example < /var/www/backup/daily/daily_`date +\%Y-\%m-\%d_\%H-\%M-\%S`.sql
logs - global system messages, including the messages that are logged during system startup. Includes mail, cron, daemon, kern, auth, etc. (use your preferred text editor e.g. Vim, Gedit, Atom)
sudo nano /var/log/message
logs - Authenication logs
sudo nano /var/log/auth
logs - Kernel logs
sudo nano /var/log/kern
logs - Cron logs
sudo nano /var/log/cron
logs - Access Logs
sudo nano /var/log/httpd/access_log- Crontab settings for backups (pushed to S3)
crontab -e (not sudo)
press i to INSERT onto crontab
30 4 * * * aws s3 sync /var/www/backup/ s3://example-backup/
0 2 * * * mysqldump -hyour-host-name --port=3306 -uroot -pyour-password --databases example > /var/www/backup/daily/daily_`date +\%Y-\%m-\%d_\%H-\%M-\%S`.sql
45 1 * * * zip -r /var/www/backup/daily/html.zip /var/www/html
10 3 * * * find /var/www/backup/daily* -mtime +2 -exec rm {} \;
1 2 * * 0 mysqldump -hyour-host-name --port=3306 -uroot -pyour-password --databases example > /var/www/backup/weekly/weekly_`date +\%Y-\%m-\%d_\%H-\%M-\%S`.sql
1 2 * * 0 zip -r /var/www/backup/weekly/html.zip /var/www/html
1 3 * * 0 find /var/www/backup/weekly* -mtime +8 -exec rm {} \;
0 1 1 * * mysqldump -hyour-host-name --port=3306 -uroot -pyour-password --databases example> /var/www/backup/monthly/monthly_`date +\%Y-\%m-\%d_\%H-\%M-\%S`.sql
0 1 1 * * zip -r /var/www/backup/monthly/html.zip /var/www/html
0 2 1 * * find /var/www/backup/montly* -mtime +32 -exec rm {} \;
30 5 1 * * /opt/letsencrypt/letsencrypt-auto renew --config /etc/letsencrypt/config.ini --agree-tos
run a few days before your SSL registration date each month to be sure its covered
ESC - :wq to save- How to add SSL to Amazon Linux 2 instance
Change to our home directory
cd
Download and install the "Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux (EPEL)"
wget -O epel.rpm –nv https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/epel-release-latest-7.noarch.rpmsudo yum install -y ./epel.rpm
Install certbot for Apache (part of EPEL)
sudo yum install python2-certbot-apache.noarch
Create a dummy ssl certificate. This will not become part of your ssl strategy.
You only need to install it because of default settings in Apache ssl configuration
You only need to install it because of default settings in Apache ssl configuration
sudo /etc/pki/tls/certs/make-dummy-cert localhost.crtsudo service httpd restart
Now we’re ready to execute certbot to request our SSL certificate.
sudo certbot -i apache -a manual --preferred-challenges dns -d example.comsudo crontab -e
Add to crontab
39 1,13 * * * root certbot renew --no-self-upgrade- Steps in launching EC2 from AMI
Select AMI and Launch
Select IAM Role (or create new)
Paste this into user data section
Select IAM Role (or create new)
Paste this into user data section
#!/bin/bash
service httpd start
chkconfig httpd on
Select Security Group (or create new)
Select Key Pair (or create new)
Select Key Pair (or create new)
If new Convert key to PPK
Connect to Workbench
Connect to Workbench
distinct user for each DB - never use root
3rd party App to schedule backups
3rd party App to schedule backups
- Upgrade to PHP7 – EC2 instance (from 5.6, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2)
Remove current php & apache - removed guide $ so you can copy and paste commands directly into CLI
sudo service httpd stopsudo yum remove httpd* php*
Remove any third party repos that aren't relevant
sudo yum repolistsudo yum remove remi-safe
Install Apache24 for Amazon AMI
sudo yum install httpd24
Download webtatic
mkdir -p /tmp/php7cd /tmp/php7wget https://mirror.webtatic.com/yum/el6/latest.rpm
Install webtatic repo
sudo yum install latest.rpmsudo vi /etc/yum.repos.d/webtatic.repo - set repo to enabledsudo yum clean all
Install php7
sudo yum install --enablerepo=webtatic php73sudo yum install --enablerepo=webtatic php74php -vsudo yum install php73-opcache php73-xml php73-pdo php73-mysqlnd php73-gd php73-pecl-apcu php73-mbstring php73-imap php73-mcrypt php73-intlsudo yum install php74-opcache php74-xml php74-pdo php74-mysqlnd php74-gd php74-pecl-apcu php74-mbstring php74-imap php74-mcrypt php74-intlsudo yum install mod24_ssl
these edits are needed on your php.ini file, values are for demo purposes
post_max_size 25M
upload_max_filesize 10M
max_execution_time 180
max_input_time 180
memory_limit = 25M
short_open_tag = On
- Connect to an RDS in one AWS account from an EC2 in another: The following example allows an EC2 instance in your ‘Source’ account to connect to an RDS instance in your ‘Target’ account (destination). This can be done via CLI but I find it easier through the console.
1. Create VPC peering: [1]
You will need to create a new VPC to avoid a conflict between the default CIDR block IP’s. This will require the creation of new subnets for the new VPC (created automatically with default VPC)
2. Route Tables [2] [3]
a. Source: Update the route table(to which the subnet is associated with your EC2 instance) with the Destination IP address of target and Target as VPC Peering connection(target).
b. Target: Update the route table(to which the subnet is associated with your RDS instance) with the Destination IP address of source and Target as VPC Peering connection(source).
3. Security Groups [4]
a. Source instance’s security group outbound rule is allowing ALL to Anywhere.
b. Destination RDS security group’s inbound rule must allow Port (1024) from source IP. Add a security rule in the security groups in master account.
- CodeDeploy: How to install the codedeploy agent on an EC2 instance
On an existing instance:
sudo yum install rubysudo yum install wgetcd /home/ec2-userwget https://aws-codedeploy-eu-west-1.s3.amazonaws.com/latest/installchmod +x ./installsudo ./install auto
booting new instance (bootstrap user data):
yum -y updateyum install -y rubyyum install -y aws-clicd /home/ec2-useraws s3 cp s3://aws-codedeploy-us-east-2/latest/install . --region us-east-2chmod +x ./install./install auto
Check Status:
sudo service codedeploy-agent status
Logs:
/var/log/aws/codedeploy-agent/codedeploy-agent.log
/opt/codedeploy-agent/deployment-root
/var/log/aws/codedeploy-agent/codedeploy-agent.log
/opt/codedeploy-agent/deployment-root
- WordPress HTTPS Redirect: After adding an SSL (above), add the following to your WP .htaccess to redirect all to HTTPS
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTPS} !=on
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [L,R=301,NE]
Here is a complete example including the default WordPress code:
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTPS} !=on
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [L,R=301,NE]
# BEGIN WordPress
RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /
RewriteRule ^index\.php$ - [L]
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule . /index.php [L]
# END WordPress- Enabling ENA support on your AWS EC2 Enhanced networking with the Elastic Network Adapter (ENA) is required for the ‘t3.****’ instance type. Ensure that your instance ‘i-XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX’ is enabled for ENA – You may experience this issue if trying to switch to the t3 range of EC2 instances. To remedy:
aws ec2 stop-instances --instance-ids i-XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX --region eu-west-1aws ec2 modify-instance-attribute --instance-id i-XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX --region eu-west-1 --ena-supportaws ec2 modify-instance-attribute --instance-id i-XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX --instance-type "{\"Value\": \"t3.*****\"}"aws ec2 start-instances --instance-ids i-XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX --region eu-west-1
if expanding the size of an EBS volume run the following also
- Cross-site cookie error messages when running WordPress on EC2 How to add cookie HTTP header flag with HTTPOnly, Secure & SameSite to remove the browser warnings in WordPress and protect your instance from XSS attacks
using your preferred CLI editor
sudo nano /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
Add this to the top of the conf file
Header edit Set-Cookie ^(.*)$ $1;HttpOnly;Secure;SameSite=strict- Issues with email throttling when using EC2 SMTP Email failing intermittantly and nothing showing on your application/WordPress logs. Here is how to easily troubleshoot the problem:
install telnet, ncat and openssl (if using SMTP over starttls)
sudo yum install telnetsudo yum install nmap-ncat -ysudo yum install openssl
checking SMTP connection using telnet (this example uses AWS hostnames but use whatever is applicable in your case)
telnet email-smtp.us-east-1.amazonaws.com 587telnet email-smtp.us-east-1.amazonaws.com 25telnet email-smtp.us-east-1.amazonaws.com 465
checking SMTP connection using openssl
openssl s_client -connect email-smtp.us-east-1.amazonaws.com:587 -starttls smtp- WordPress Issue “Uncaught Exception: Invalid data store”. No access to Admin. Review PHP logs and if you see this error: PHP Fatal error: Uncaught Exception: Invalid data store. in /var/www/html/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/includes/class-wc-data-store.php:107 (or similar ‘Invalid order’ etc.), this is caused by no returned response.
To apply a fix via CLI
sudo nano /var/www/html/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/includes/class-wc-data-store.php
insert return false; above the throw exception e.g.:
was
if ( ! $order->get_id() || ! ( $post_object = get_post( $order->get_id() ) ) || ! in_array( $post_object->post_type, wc_get_order_types() ) ) {
throw new Exception( __( 'Invalid product.', 'woocommerce' ) );
}
modified
if ( ! $order->get_id() || ! ( $post_object = get_post( $order->get_id() ) ) || ! in_array( $post_object->post_type, wc_get_order_types() ) ) {
return false;
throw new Exception( __( 'Invalid product.', 'woocommerce' ) );
}
save changes and admin login page will be accessible again
- Could not execute Node.js – Cloud9 launch error this error occurs frequently when launching an existing instance (as apposed to launching default c9 instance) in AWS Cloud9
To apply a fix via CLI on instance
curl -o- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvm-sh/nvm/v0.34.0/install.sh | bash. ~/.nvm/nvm.shnvm install nodenode -e "console.log('Running Node.js ' + process.version)"- Launching WordPress in AWS Lightsail frequently used commands
restart apache
sudo /opt/bitnami/ctlscript.sh restart apache
ssl configuration
sudo /opt/bitnami/bncert-tool
setting correct owner permissions
sudo chown daemon:daemon -R /opt/bitnami/wordpress
for debug to file
sudo nano /opt/bitnami/wordpress/wp-config.phpdefine('WP_DEBUG', true);define('WP_DEBUG_LOG', true);define( 'WP_DEBUG_DISPLAY', false );- How to install SSL on Amazon Linux instance (legacy)
sudo su root yum install python27-devel git git clone https://github.com/letsencrypt
/letsencrypt /opt/letsencrypt /opt/letsencrypt/letsencrypt-auto
--debug
if using an AMI where letsencrypt is already installed you may come across zope.interface issue in which case run these commands
rm -rf ~/.local/share/letsencrypt rm -rf /opt/eff.org/certbot/ unset PYTHON_INSTALL_LAYOUT;rm -rf /root/.local/share/letsencrypt/; echo "rsa-key-size = 4096" >> /etc/letsencrypt/config.ini echo "email = example@example.com" >> /etc/letsencrypt/config.ini
the following commands are assuming you have a UAT/Staging version of your site which you want to run over HTTPS also
/opt/letsencrypt/letsencrypt-auto certonly --webroot -w /var/www/vhosts/staging -d uat.example.com --config /etc/letsencrypt/config.ini --agree-tos /opt/letsencrypt/letsencrypt-auto certonly --webroot -w /var/www/vhosts/staging -d www.uat.example.com --config /etc/letsencrypt/config.ini --agree-tos /opt/letsencrypt/letsencrypt-auto certonly --webroot -w /var/www/html -d example.com --config /etc/letsencrypt/config.ini --agree-tos /opt/letsencrypt/letsencrypt-auto certonly --webroot -w /var/www/html -d www.example.com --config /etc/letsencrypt/config.ini --agree-tos rmdir /var/www/vhosts/staging/.well-known rmdir /var/www/html/.well-known
Your certs should now be validated, so here is the VirtualHost settings for your vhosts.conf file
Listen 443
Listen 443
ServerName uat.example.com
DocumentRoot "/var/www/vhosts/staging"
SSLEngine on
SSLCertificateFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/uat.example.com/cert.pem SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/uat.example.com/privkey.pem
SSLCertificateChainFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/uat.example.com/chain.pem SSLProtocol All -SSLv2 -SSLv3
SSLHonorCipherOrder on
SSLCipherSuite "EECDH+ECDSA+AESGCM EECDH+aRSA+AESGCM EECDH+ECDSA+SHA384 EECDH+ECDSA+SHA256 EECDH+aRSA+SHA384 EECDH+aRSA+SHA256 EECDH+aRSA+RC4 EECDH EDH+aRSA !RC4 !aNULL !eNULL !LOW !3DES !MD5 !EXP !PSK !SRP !DSS"
AllowOverride All ServerName example.com
DocumentRoot "/var/www/html"
SSLEngine on
SSLCertificateFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/cert.pem SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem
SSLCertificateChainFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/chain.pem SSLProtocol All -SSLv2 -SSLv3
SSLHonorCipherOrder on SSLCipherSuite "EECDH+ECDSA+AESGCM EECDH+aRSA+AESGCM EECDH+ECDSA+SHA384 EECDH+ECDSA+SHA256 EECDH+aRSA+SHA384 EECDH+aRSA+SHA256 EECDH+aRSA+RC4 EECDH EDH+aRSA !RC4 !aNULL !eNULL !LOW !3DES !MD5 !EXP !PSK !SRP !DSS"
AllowOverride All # www alternative on live ServerName www.example.com
DocumentRoot "/var/www/html"
SSLEngine on
SSLCertificateFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/www.example.com/cert.pem SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/www.example.com/privkey.pem
SSLCertificateChainFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/www.example.com/chain.pem
SSLProtocol All -SSLv2 -SSLv3
SSLHonorCipherOrder on SSLCipherSuite "EECDH+ECDSA+AESGCM EECDH+aRSA+AESGCM EECDH+ECDSA+SHA384 EECDH+ECDSA+SHA256 EECDH+aRSA+SHA384 EECDH+aRSA+SHA256 EECDH+aRSA+RC4 EECDH EDH+aRSA !RC4 !aNULL !eNULL !LOW !3DES !MD5 !EXP !PSK !SRP !DSS"
AllowOverride All
restart apache and your site should be running over HTTPS. However, if your vhosts file throws up and error related to un-named VirtualHosts, go to your httpd.conf file and un-comment out: NameVirtualHost *:80 and NameVirtualHost *:443 (you may have to add 443). To find the line in nano use CTL + w
To renew, run this command
To renew, run this command
/opt/letsencrypt/letsencrypt-auto renew --config /etc/letsencrypt/config.ini --agree-tos
if you are using an instance from an AMI you may have previous certs on this instance which need to be removed for renewals
rm -rf /etc/letsencrypt/live/remove.com rm /etc/letsencrypt/renewal/remove.com.conf